不同学科制度主义方法论特征比较
上述的归纳仅仅是社会学新旧制度主义的主要区别,考虑到为我国学术界加深制度主义研究提供方便,这里将瓦尔特•W•鲍威尔、保罗•J•迪马乔在《组织分析的新制度主义》一书中新旧制度主义的对比表格翻译如下:[1](p.13)
表3.1 旧制度主义和新制度主义(之比较)
Old 旧制度主义 New 新制度主义
Conflicts of interest Vested interests Legitimacy imperative
利益冲突 既得利益 合法的需要
Source of inertia Central Peripheral
习惯的来源 中心的 外围的
Structural emphasis Informal structure Symbolic role of formal structure
结构重点 非正式结构 正式结构的象征作用
Organization embedded in Local community Field, sector, or society
包含的组织 当地社区 领域、部门或社会
Nature of embeddedness Co-optation Constitutive
内在性质 协同 宪政
Locus of institutionalization Organization Field or society
制度化场所 组织 领域或社会
Organizational dynamics Change Persistence
组织动力 变化 持久
Basis of critique of Theory of interest Theory of action
Utilitarianism aggregation
批评功利主义的基础 利益聚集理论 行为理论
Evidence for critique of Unanticipated consequences Unreflective activity
utilitarianism
批评功利主义的依据 不可测的后果 草率行动
Key forms of cognition Values, norms, attitudes Classifications, routines,
Scripts, schema
认知的关键 价值、标准、态度 分层、惯例、原型、体制
Social psychology Socialization theory Attribution theory
社会心理学 社会化理论 归因理论
Cognitive basis of order Commitment Habit, practical action
秩序认知基础 承诺 习惯、实践行动
Goals Displaced Ambiguous
目标 置换 含糊不清
Agenda Policy relevance Disciplinary
议程 相关政策 纪律
上述可见,由于不同学科的研究对象不同,制度主义分析方法在这些不同学科的运用具有不同的特征。但是,作为一种方法论,其共性也是十分明显的,那就是:在保持西方社会科学方法论的个体主义的同时,强调集体行动、制度对个体的影响和制约作用,尤其是突出习惯化、制度化的文化环境在人类的经济活动、政治活动以及社会组织中的地位。这可以说是制度主义方法比西方传统个体主义方法进步的地方,对此,我们将另撰文论述。
参考文献:
[1] Edited by Walter W. Powell and Paul J. DiMaggio. The New Institutionalism In Organizational Analysis. [M] Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1991.
[2] W. Richard Scott. Institutions and Organizations. [M] California: Sage Publications, 1995
[3] [美] 科斯著:《论生产的制度结构》[M],盛洪等译,上海:三联书店,1994
[4] [美] 诺思著:《制度、制度变迁与经济绩效》[M],陈郁、罗华平等译,上海:三联书店,1994
[5] B. Guy Peters. Institutional Theory in Political Science: the New Institutionalism. [M] London and New York: Pinter, 1999.
[6] Richard J. Stillman II. Public Administration: Concepts and Cases. [M] New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2000.
[7] James G. March & Johan P. Olsen. Rediscovering Institutions: the Organizational Basis of Politics. [M] New York: The Free Press, 1989.
[8] Edited by Mary C. Brinton and Victor Nee. The New Institutionalism in Sociology. [M] California: Stanford University Press, 1998.
[9] [德] 马克斯·韦伯著:《经济与社会》[M],林荣远译,商务印书馆,1997
[10] Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckmann. The Social Construction of Reality: a treaties in the sociology of knowledge. [M] New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc., Garden City, 1966.
Comparing to the Methodology of Institutionalism
Among Different Subjects
GUO Xiao-cong
(The Center for Research of PA, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, China )
Biography: GUO Xiao-cong(1957-), male, Ph.D., Professor, The Center for Research of PA, School of Government, Sun Yat-sen University, majoring in the theory of government institutional evolvement, comparing to the institution of public administration, and the economics of government.
Abstract: The institutionalism is one of popular methodology in the study of social science. In China, most of scholars make use of this methodology in subject of economics. In Western academic community, many scholars use the methodology of institutional analysis not only in economics, but also in political science and sociology. There are different characters of methodology among different subjects, due to their different objects of research.
Key words: Institutional analysis, Institutionalism, Methodology, Subjects.
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