MySQL中文参考手册--8.MySQL教程--8.3 常用查询的例子
8.3 常用查询的例子下面是一些学习如何用MySQL解决一些常见问题的例子。 一些例子使用数据库表“shop”,包含某个商人的每篇文章(物品号)的价格。假定每个商人的每篇文章有一个单独的固定价格,那么(物品,商人)是记录的主键。 你能这样创建例子数据库表: CREATE TABLE shop ( article INT(4) UNSIGNED ZEROFILL DEFAULT '0000' NOT NULL, dealer CHAR(20) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL, price DOUBLE(16,2) DEFAULT '0.00' NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY(article, dealer));INSERT INTO shop VALUES(1,'A',3.45),(1,'B',3.99),(2,'A',10.99),(3,'B',1.45),(3,'C',1.69),(3,'D',1.25),(4,'D',19.95); 好了,例子数据是这样的: SELECT * FROM shop+---------+--------+-------+ article dealer price +---------+--------+-------+ 0001 A 3.45 0001 B 3.99 0002 A 10.99 0003 B 1.45 0003 C 1.69 0003 D 1.25 0004 D 19.95 +---------+--------+-------+ 8.3.1 列的最大值“最大的物品号是什么?” SELECT MAX(article) AS article FROM shop+---------+ article +---------+ 4 +---------+ 8.3.2 拥有某个列的最大值的行“找出最贵的文章的编号、商人和价格” 在ANSI-SQL中这很容易用一个子查询做到: SELECT article, dealer, priceFROM shopWHERE price=(SELECT MAX(price) FROM shop) 在MySQL中(还没有子查询)就用2步做到:
另一个解决方案是按价格降序排序所有行并用MySQL特定LIMIT子句只得到的第一行: SELECT article, dealer, priceFROM shopORDER BY price DESCLIMIT 1 注意:如果有多个最贵的文章( 例如每个19.95),LIMIT解决方案仅仅显示他们之一! 8.3.3 列的最大值:按组:只有值“每篇文章的最高的价格是什么?” SELECT article, MAX(price) AS priceFROM shopGROUP BY article+---------+-------+ article price +---------+-------+ 0001 3.99 0002 10.99 0003 1.69 0004 19.95 +---------+-------+ 8.3.4 拥有某个字段的组间最大值的行“对每篇文章,找出有最贵的价格的交易者。” 在ANSI SQL中,我可以用这样一个子查询做到: SELECT article, dealer, priceFROM shop s1WHERE price=(SELECT MAX(s2.price) FROM shop s2 WHERE s1.article = s2.article) 在MySQL中,最好是分几步做到:
这可以很容易用一个临时表做到: CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE tmp ( article INT(4) UNSIGNED ZEROFILL DEFAULT '0000' NOT NULL, price DOUBLE(16,2) DEFAULT '0.00' NOT NULL);LOCK TABLES article read;INSERT INTO tmp SELECT article, MAX(price) FROM shop GROUP BY article;SELECT article, dealer, price FROM shop, tmpWHERE shop.article=tmp.articel AND shop.price=tmp.price;UNLOCK TABLES;DROP TABLE tmp; 如果你不使用一个TEMPORARY表,你也必须锁定“tmp”表。 “它能一个单个查询做到吗?” 是的,但是只有使用我称之为“MAX-CONCAT诡计”的一个相当低效的诡计: SELECT article, SUBSTRING( MAX( CONCAT(LPAD(price,6,'0'),dealer) ), 7) AS dealer, 0.00+LEFT( MAX( CONCAT(LPAD(price,6,'0'),dealer) ), 6) AS priceFROM shopGROUP BY article;+---------+--------+-------+ article dealer price +---------+--------+-------+ 0001 B 3.99 0002 A 10.99 0003 C 1.69 0004 D 19.95 +---------+--------+-------+ 最后例子当然能通过在客户程序中分割连结的列使它更有效一点。 8.3.5 使用外键不需要外键联结2个表。 MySQL唯一不做的事情是CHECK以保证你使用的键确实在你正在引用表中存在,并且它不自动从有一个外键定义的表中删除行。如果你象平常那样使用你的键值,它将工作得很好! CREATE TABLE persons ( id SMALLINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, name CHAR(60) NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (id));CREATE TABLE shirts ( id SMALLINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, style ENUM('t-shirt', 'polo', 'dress') NOT NULL, color ENUM('red', 'blue', 'orange', 'white', 'black') NOT NULL, owner SMALLINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL REFERENCES persons, PRIMARY KEY (id));INSERT INTO persons VALUES (NULL, 'Antonio Paz');INSERT INTO shirts VALUES(NULL, 'polo', 'blue', LAST_INSERT_ID()),(NULL, 'dress', 'white', LAST_INSERT_ID()),(NULL, 't-shirt', 'blue', LAST_INSERT_ID());INSERT INTO persons VALUES (NULL, 'Lilliana Angelovska');INSERT INTO shirts VALUES(NULL, 'dress', 'orange', LAST_INSERT_ID()),(NULL, 'polo', 'red', LAST_INSERT_ID()),(NULL, 'dress', 'blue', LAST_INSERT_ID()),(NULL, 't-shirt', 'white', LAST_INSERT_ID());SELECT * FROM persons;+----+---------------------+ id name +----+---------------------+ 1 Antonio Paz 2 Lilliana Angelovska +----+---------------------+SELECT * FROM shirts;+----+---------+--------+-------+ id style color owner +----+---------+--------+-------+ 1 polo blue 1 2 dress white 1 3 t-shirt blue 1 4 dress orange 2 5 polo red 2 6 dress blue 2 7 t-shirt white 2 +----+---------+--------+-------+SELECT s.* FROM persons p, shirts s WHERE p.name LIKE 'Lilliana%' AND s.owner = p.id AND s.color <> 'white';+----+-------+--------+-------+ id style color owner +----+-------+--------+-------+ 4 dress orange 2 5 polo red 2 6 dress blue 2 +----+-------+--------+-------+ |